More to be added soon.

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Harper's Ferry, Virginia. 1859

The Capture of John Brown

• President: James Buchanan

• Commandant of the USMC: • Col. John Harris 1859-1864

• In 1856, President Pierce recognized pro-slavery legislature in Kansas. Abolitionist Missouri settlers move to Kansas in droves sparking anti slavery guerrilla actions. (Bloody Kansas) John Brown participates in the massacre of pro-slavery residents. October 17, 1859, with America on the brink of civil war over the primary issue of States Rights, Secretary of the Army detaches Col. Robert E. Lee (U.S. Army), with Lt. J.E.B. Stuart to put down an abolitionist up- rising at Harpers Ferry, Virginia led the fanatic John Brown in an attempt to start a slave rebellion. Brown and his followers had captured the arsenal and armory then barricaded themselves in a brick firehouse along with 13 hostages. One of the hostages was the grand nephew of George Washington. They had successfully withstood repeated assaults of the town militia and had killed several residents including the Mayor. The Marines (85), commanded by Lt. Israel Greene, were tasked to quell the rebellion under the Command of Lee. Originally, Lee asked the town militia if they wanted to assault the position held by Brown and several of his followers. The militia refused, and Lee detailed the Marines to reduce Brown and his men. Concerned with safety of the hostages, Lee ordered that the assault would be bayonet work only. The Marines tried to batter the doors with sledgehammers, to no avail. Shortly there after Lt. Greene spotted a ladder and ordered that it be used as a battering ram on the engine house doors. The doors gave way under the pounding and Greene led the assault into the brick building. Two Marines were shot following Greene who was the first to enter the building. Subsequently, one, Private Luke Quinn died from a gunshot wound to the abdomen. He is sometimes referred to as the first causality of the Civil War. Greene attacked Brown with his saber; however, in his rush to answer the call to arms, he had belted his dress sword as opposed to his service weapon.

Upon striking Brown, the sword bent and while Brown was down he had not been killed. In the three-minute action, the Marines had killed 4 of the insurgents with bayonets and captured 2 others at a loss of one Marine. Several weeks later, Brown was tried and hung. But, not before his bold statements inflamed supporters of the Abolitionist cause. Of historical interest: Lee, Stuart, and Greene all resigned their Federal Commissions and reported to the Confederacy for duty at the onset of hostilities. Greene with the Confederate States Marine Corps.

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The Confederate States Marine Corps

The Confederate States Marine Corps (CSMC) was established by an act of the Confederate Congress 16 Mar. 1861. Corps strength was authorized at 46 officers and 944 enlisted men but actual enrollment never came close to that number. (A figure for 30 Oct. 1864 lists only 539 officers and men.) Though the officers were mostly former U.S. Marine officers, the head of the corps, Commandant-Col. Lloyd J. Beall, was a former U.S. Army paymaster with no marine experience.

The CSMC was modeled after the U.S. Marine Corps, there were some differences however: the Confederates organized themselves into permanent companies and replaced the fife with the light infantry bugle. Ashore they provided guard detachments for Confederate naval stations at Mobile, Savannah, Charleston, Charlotte, Richmond, and Wilmington and manned naval shore batteries at Pensacola, Hilton Head, Fort Fisher, and Drewrys Bluff. Seagoing detachments served aboard the various warships.

Confederate Marines saw their first naval action aboard the CSS Virginia (Merrimack) off Hampton Roads, Va., 8-9 Mar. 1862, and near wars end were part of the naval brigade that fought at Sayler's Creek, Va.

Despite desertions and even near-mutinies, most marines served well and deserved Navy Sec. Stepehen R. Mallory's praise for their "promptness and efficiency." The Corps weakness was due largely to internal squabbles over rank, shore duty, and administrative assignments. And, with no funds for bounties, the Corps could not easily enlist recruits. Until 1864 the monthly pay of enlisted men was $3 less than that of equivalent army grades. Only late in the war were the Marines allowed to draw from army conscripts to augment their ranks.

Recruiting for the CSMC began in March 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama (seat of the Confederate government at that time). By early 1862, it was decided to transfer Company C to Virginia to provide shipboard troops for the vessels of the Confederate States Navy. Shortly thereafter, the Secretary of the Navy ordered Company B, CSMC to proceed to Portsmouth, Virginia to provide a guard for the Gosport Navy Yard.

By the summer of 1862, three companies of Marines were posted in Virginia. These Companies; A, B, and C, were posted to various duties in the Richmond, James River and Chesapeake Bay area. These three companies composed the Marine field battalion headquartered at Camp Beall.

The Marine camp in Virginia, Camp Beall (named after the Corp’s Commandant, Colonel Lloyd Beall) was established at Drewry’s Bluff, and would be the scene of a major battle between the U.S. Marines and the Confederate Marines, on the James River, protecting the river approach to Richmond. From this location, Marines served in the defense of the Confederate capital until April 2, 1865 when the battalion marched out as part of Tucker’s Naval Brigade during the Appomattox campaign. Marines of the Naval Brigade participated in the Battle of Saylor’s Creek.

Marines from the battalion also fought during Benjamin Butler’s Bermuda Hundred Campaigns and in Wilmington, NC at the battles for Ft. Fisher. Little is know of the Confederate States Marine Corps due in part to the destruction of the records of the C.S.M.C. in Richmond at the end of the war.

Marines served with distinction in the naval battles of Port Royal, Hampton Roads, Mobile Bay and Fort Fisher.

The Confederate Marines were also called upon for special service which in two instances involved Missourians. In February of 1863, the Naval Department authorized a plan to train Army, Navy and Marine units to destroy ironclads by boarding them. This was in anticipation of a Union attack on Charleston which occurred in April of 1863. The Marine unit was commanded by Captain Thomas S. Wilson of Missouri. The sea attack was repulsed and the Marines were not called into service.

Likewise, in July of 1864, General Robert E. Lee devised a plan where a battalion of Marines were to slip thru the naval blockade and make an amphibious landing at Point Lookout above Washington D. C. to free the Confederate prisoners of war there. This was to be done in support of General Jubal Early's raid on Washington. The force was led again by Thomas S. Wilson and included 2nd Lt. Henry H. McCune also of Missouri. The ships carrying the Marines were called back and the mission aborted as it was feared that Union spies had warned the Union regarding the planned attack.

Another interesting footnote of history involves Confederate Marine Sgt. George Stephenson of the infamous commerce raider CSS Sumter. After a long career the CSS Sumter was abandoned at Gibraltar and a small force was left behind, including a Marine Guard commanded by Sgt. Stephenson. The Commanding officer Midshipman Williams Andrews was killed in October 1862 by a seaman and Sgt. Stephenson became the only Marine, Federal or Confederate, to command a ship of war in the War for Southern Independence.

As the fortunes of the Confederacy grew dark in the spring of 1865, Navy and Marine personnel were brought to Drewry's Bluff and formed into fighting units such as Tucker's Naval Battalion which fought with distinction at the battle of Saylor's Creek. In addition, when Robert E. Lee surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House, it included four Marine officers and 21 enlisted Marines.

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Col. Lloyd J. Beall, a West Point graduate, was a paymaster in the U.S. Army stationed at St. Louis, MO when he tendered his resignation and headed south. Although born at Fort Adams, RI, he was a Marylander who married the daughter of a South Carolina senator, and his loyalties were with the South. On May 23, 1861, Confederate Secretary of the Navy, Stephen R. Mallory, appointed Beall a colonel in the Confederate States Marine Corps and served in that capacity throughout the war.

An administrator during the Civil War, Beall's military knowledge and experience remained an untapped resource. Beall worked hard to have the Confederate Marine Corps receive the personnel, supplies and other benefits accorded to other branches of the military. The training of officers and enlisted Marines took place at the Marines' Barrack's Camp Beall just a short distance to the south of Richmond at Drewry's Bluff overlooking the James River. By the end of the war, he had succeeded in helping improve the resources available to the Confederate Marine Corps and established a separate Marine training camp in Charleston, South Carolina; several permanent stations on the Mississippi River and Atlantic Coast.

Thanks, in part, to Beall's efforts; the Confederate Marines gained a reputation for distinguished combat service, on the sea and land. After the Civil War, Beall lived in Richmond, Virginia, and kept most of the Confederate States Marine Corps records at his home. Much of this history, along with Beall's personal history, was destroyed in a fire. Beall died in Richmond, on November 10, 1887.

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George Seton Johnston, a member of Company B of the Confederate States Marine Corps, is probably the only member of the CSMC to be buried in Arlington Cemetery. He enlisted at Richmond on September 1, 1864, as a Private, and was assigned to the CSS Virginia and surrendered at Greensboro, North Carolina in April, 1865. He resided in Virginia after the war and received a Confederate pension from the state government until his death at Lyon Park on June 2, 1928.

George Seton Johnston, Private, Company B, CSMC; born Nelson County, Virginia, May 31, 1847; died Lyon Park, Arlington County, Virginia, February 6, 1928; buried Confederate section, Arlington National Cemetery.

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The Marine Battalion at the Battle of Bull Run

0n 1 Nov. 1921, Major General John A. Lejeune, 13th Commandant of the United States Marine Corps, directed that a reminder of the honorable service of the Corps be published by every command to all Marines throughout the globe on the birthday of the Corps:

"On November 10, 1775, a Corps of Marines was created by a resolution of the Continental Congress. Since that date, many thousand men have borne the name Marine. In memory of them it is fitting that we who are Marines should commemorate the birthday of our Corps by calling, to mind the glories of its long and illustrious history."

"In every battle and skirmish since the birth of our Corps, Marines have acquitted themselves with the greatest distinction, winning new honors on each occasion until the term 'Marine' has come to signify all that is highest in military efficiency and soldierly virtue."

Battle at Bull Run

The first intimation that Marines would join Federal troops preparing to advance into Virginia, under the command of Army BGen McDowell, came to Colonel Harris in a letter from First Lieutenant Alan Ramsay, USMC, commander of the Marine Guard attached to USS Richmond. Writing from the Brooklyn Navy Yard, Ramsay requested assignment to duty with the field battalion of Marines that was being readied for service with the Army.

The news came as a surprise to Harris, who replied: "I have received your letter of the 11th instant, asking to be attached to a Battalion of Marines that is about to join the Army to which I reply that I have no knowledge of such a Battalion but if such an order be given, I will command it myself and will be glad to have you with me although I fear your services cannot be dispensed with on the Richmond."

On 14 July, Harris was notified that Marines would take part in an offensive against the Confederates in Virginia. Acting upon a request made by the Secretary of War, the Navy Department ordered Harris to prepare a battalion for duty with the Army.

To his chagrin, Harris learned he would not command the battalion. That responsibility fell to Major Reynolds, a veteran Marine officer with 38 years of military experience, and if the four years he spent at West Point before he was dismissed in 1821 are counted.

News that a battalion was going to be organized for field service swept through Marine Barracks, Washington. After a wave of excitement passed through the command, the difficulties of the assignment were reflected in a letter written by one of the junior second lieutenants of the post, Robert E. Hitchcock:

"Last night after I passed down the line to receive the reports of the companies, I was met by Capt [James Hemphill] Jones, who said to me, 'Mr. Hitchcock, prepare to take the field on Monday morning.' So tomorrow morning will see me and five other lieutenants with 300 Marines on our way to Fairfax Court House to take part in a bloody battle which is to take place, it is thought, about Wednesday. This is unexpected to us, and the Marines are not fit to go into the field, for every man of them is as raw as you please, not more than a hundred of them have been here over three weeks. We have no camp equipage of any kind, not even tents, and after all this, we are expected to take the brunt of the battle. We shall do as well as we can under the circumstances: just think of it, 300 raw men in the field!"

In terms of experience, 2nd Lieutenant Hitchcock's description was accurate. The enlisted men were raw in every sense of the word. Of the 324 privates in the four companies, only seven had been in the service prior to the 12 April 1861 bombardment of Fort Sumter in the Charleston, S.C. More than 90 percent of them had enlisted during June 1861. Some had joined Marine Barracks, Washington, from the Philadelphia Recruiting Rendezvous, less than a week before the battalion was organized.

Of the 12 noncommissioned officers, only one had combat experience (14 years earlier during the war with Mexico). The officers of the battalion fared better in terms of battlefield experience, but only slightly.

The battalion commander, Major Reynolds, led the Marines to the walls of Chapultepec Castle at the Battle of Mexico City, 13 Sept. 1847. Battalion Adjutant Major Augustus S. Nicholson also participated in the assault on Chapultpec. Commanding Company A was Jacob Zeilin, Captain and Brevet Major of Marines, a veteran of several engagements during the conquest of California in the war with Mexico. Captain James H. Jones commanded Co B. He, too, had served in Mexico. Lieutenant Alan Ramsay, who had seen combat during a short but fierce fight with natives in the Fiji Islands in 1858, commanded Co C. Lieutenant William H. Cartter, by virtue of being the senior second lieutenant, commanded Co D.

With the exception of Carter, who had reported to duty on 15 May 1861, all of the Marine battalion second lieutenants, had been in the Corps less than six weeks. As a military organization, the Marine battalion was woefully unprepared, and no one recognized this more than Reynolds.

The Marine battalion as part of Colonel Andrew Porter's First Brigade, as well as the rest of the Second Division, was formed and ready to march at 2:00 A.M., 21 July, but was unable to move. The Warrenton Turnpike was jammed with Brigadier General Daniel Tyler's First Division. According to McDowell's plan, Tyler should not have started out on the turnpike until the Second Division had passed, but Tyler had put his troops on the march too early. It took the Second Division more than two hours, and closer to three, to reach the point where it turned north from the turnpike. The distance should have been covered in less than 30 minutes.

While Colonel Ambrose E. Burnside's brigade was being roughly handled by the Confederates, Porter's brigade passed through the woods over an abandoned railroad grade to the west of the road and extended the Federal line beyond the Confederate left. The six-gun West Point Battery, commanded by Captain Charles Griffin, was in the lead, followed by the Marine battalion and the remainder of Porter's brigade.

Griffin's battery unlimbered on the crest of Dogan's Ridge, some 600 yards from the intersection of the Warrenton Turnpike and the Sudley-New Market Road, and opened fire on the Rebel positions. The Marine battalion lunged after the battery at the double time, followed by the rest of the brigade. Assuming their station behind the battery, the Marines prepared for battle. Porter took notice of how well they performed in spite of their inexperience. His after-action report mentioned that although they were recruits "through the constant exertions of their officers [they] had been brought to a fine military appearance." The Marine battalion took a position on the far right of the line, backed up by the cavalry.

The Marine battalion emerged from the fight north of the Warrenton Turnpike in reasonably good shape. Three Marines were killed by cannon fire when the battalion first came out of the woods to support Griffin's battery. Second Lieutenant Joseph Baker nearly became a casualty when a shell exploded close by, killing one Marine. The burst of the round knocked Baker backward, covering him with dirt and the blood of the unfortunate private.

Just before 2:00 P.M., Major William F. Barry, McDowell's Chief of Artillery, directed the batteries of Captains Griffin and James B. Ricketts to maintain the pressure on the retreating enemy by limbering up and advancing to the crest of a hill across the turnpike, about 1,000 yards distant. Griffin protested going forward without infantry support. Barry assured him that the 11th New York "Fire Zouaves" would support the guns. Griffin, dubious as to the soundness of the order, moved his guns forward.

After advancing some distance, Griffin halted his battery and looked for the Fire Zouaves. It would be impossible to miss them with their gaudy uniforms (blue shirts and red balloon pants), but the artillery captain did not see them. Taking his guns several yards farther, Griffin again halted and searched in vain for his infantry support. He went back to Barry and demanded to know where the Zouaves were. Barry told him they were just then ready to advance and would follow him to his new position at the double quick. Griffin was skeptical. He asked why, if they were ready, didn't they go up the hill first and take a defensive position until the two batteries reached the top?

Barry began to grow impatient with Griffin's reluctance to do as ordered. The Chief of Artillery barked that the orders came from McDowell. The guns were to advance to the hill across the turnpike. The infantry support would follow, not lead, the guns to the hill. Griffin was neither cowed, pacified nor impressed.

Griffin's and Ricketts' batteries moved forward, crossed the intersection and began to ascend the hill that had previously been referred to as a nameless eminence across the turnpike. At the crest of the 100-foot rise was the house owned by an elderly widow named Judith Henry. To the nearby residents, the height was commonly referred to as Henry Hill. That afternoon's bloody work would make the appellation permanent.

On to Henry Hill

In the wake of Griffin's guns came the Zouaves and the Marines at double time. The battalion trotted across the turnpike, jumped down from the northern embankment of Young's Branch, splashed across the stream and clambered up the other side. The crest of Henry Hill was about 300 yards away, all uphill. Fortunately, the ground was open pasture. Unfortunately, the wet brogans and trousers of the Marines did not lend themselves to marching at double time. The guns were unlimbered and firing by the time the infantry support came up.

In order to cover the entire field of fire at the top of the hill, Griffin detached 1st Lieutenant Henry Hasbrouck's two-gun section and sent it beyond Ricketts' battery to the far right of the line. The Fire Zouaves took a position to the rear and right of these guns, while the Marines moved to the left between Hasbrouck and Ricketts. Much fatigued from the run up the hill, the Marines were ordered to close up and sit on the ground.

A few of the Marine officers went forward to the crest of the hill to observe the artillery duel. The Confederate artillery had been employing ricochet fire very effectively. As Hasbrouck's guns thundered in reply, 2nd Lieutenant Hitchcock cheerily remarked, "The cannon balls are flying pretty thick." 2nd Lieutenant Baker, a few paces ahead of his comrades, heard the report of a Rebel cannon and saw the ricochet of the ball. He threw himself flat on the ground as the ball passed right above him. Hitchcock's jaunty comment regarding the artillery duel was his last. The shot that skipped over Baker struck Hitchcock in the face, tearing off the top of his head. As he collapsed, one of his Marines instinctively reached out to grab him. As he did, a second shell tore off the samaritan's arm and severed Hitchcock's lifeless form. The two bodies fell in a bloody heap to the ground.

As the Marines looked with horror upon the grisly scene, several yards away a loud and heated exchange was taking place behind the West Point Battery. Griffin had spotted a line of troops coming out of the woods to his front. Certain they were Rebels, Griffin ordered canister and prepared to fire on them. At that moment, Major Barry rode up and yelled, "Captain, don't fire there; those are your battery support!" Griffin yelled back, "They are Confederates; as certain as the world, they are Confederates!" Barry insisted, "I know they are your battery support!" Griffin grudgingly obeyed Barry's order to desist and pointed the guns away from the oncoming regiment. Moments later, those troops, who proved to be the 33rd Virginia Infantry, halted about 70 yards from the battery, lowered their muskets, took aim and fired a withering volley. In a matter of seconds, the course of the battle was changed. Barry's costly error in judgment tilted the scales in favor of the Confederates.

Griffin shouted to the Fire Zouaves to save the guns, but the New Yorkers did not respond. The Zouaves had just endured a sudden attack by the 1st Virginia Cavalry and were used up. Griffin again called to them from the wreckage of his guns, but the Zouaves did not move. The Virginia infantrymen, however, came closer and closer, volley firing. It was more than the Zouaves could stand. They broke and ran.

As soon as the first volley had done its deadly work, the Marines raised their muskets to answer the Virginians. The Rebels fired again, and the battalion began to take casualties. Private Frank Harris, a young Irishman from Pittsburgh in the front rank, fell before he could fire his weapon. Private William Barrett reported his close brush with death in a letter that appeared in the 31 July 1861 issue of the Pittsburgh Post. "We faced them on the left of the battery, and when about 50 yards from it, our men fell like hailstones." Barrett fired three rounds at the advancing Rebels before he was put out of action: "I think they intended to fix me when they hit the lock of my musket ... which put me back about three feet. As soon as I came to my ground again two men were shot down on my right and one on my left. ... You could hear the balls playing 'Yankee Doodle' around your ears, but could not move."

Although Barrett was immobilized by fear, others not so afflicted began to slip out of the line of fire. Officers shouted commands to stay in ranks and waved their swords to encourage or threaten the faint-hearted. The Marines were swept away by the stampede of the 11th New York. The race to safety did not abate until the troops reached the crossroads, where fatigue and the efforts of the Marine officers stemmed the flight of the battalion. The battalion recovered and, under the firm hand of Major Reynolds and his officers, got back into the fight.

When several of the Federal units that had been driven from the hill finally regained composure, an attack was launched to recover the captured artillery. The 14th Brooklyn took the lead, followed, as Colonel Porter later said, "in fine style" by the Marine battalion. Other regiments fell in behind. Gaining the crest of the hill near the wreckage of Ricketts' battery, the rejuvenated Union troops took the Confederates under fire, driving them back across the plateau and into the pinewoods beyond.

The attack swept toward the position held by the Virginia brigade commanded by Brigadier General Thomas J. Jackson. As the swell of the assault neared the thicket of pines, the 4th and 27th Virginia Infantry Regiments opened fire. An instant before the Virginians fired, the 14th dropped to the ground, and the Marines took the full effect of the volley. They wavered for a moment, but quickly recovered.

Pressing forward with the Brooklyn troops, now on their feet, the Marines plunged into the pines. Rebel fire intensified, and the attack began to fatter. Reynolds was quickly in their midst, raining expletives on all within earshot. Lieutenant Colonel Edward W. Fowler of the 14th recalled Reynolds using "language more forcible than pious,” however the entire line collapsed.

Daniel M. Conrad, surgeon of the 2d Virginia Infantry, surveyed the bloody aftermath of the fight. His account, published in the Southern Historical Society Papers in 1891, proved the determination of the Marines to break the Confederate line. "The green pines were filled with the 79th Highlanders and the red breeched Brooklyn Zouaves, but the only men that were killed and wounded twenty or thirty yards behind and in the rear of our lines were the United States Marines."

The Marines again rallied at the crossroads and, after reforming, charged back up Henry Hill in support of an assault led by the 69th New York Infantry. After making some headway, the Marines and the New York Irishmen were driven back by the counterattack of the 8th and 18th Virginia.

The Marines rallied once more and pushed up the Sudley-New Market Road, where they took cover behind an embankment below the hill. Several regiments from the First and Third Divisions were also using the embankment for cover, preparatory to another attack against the Confederates. When the order to move forward came, the Marine battalion joined in the advance. The assault had scarcely begun when Confederate reinforcements, the 2d and 8th South Carolina of Brigadier General Milledge L. Bonhami's brigade, arrived on the left and, advancing on the run, opened fire on the Federal flank. This was more than the Northern troops could bear. They crowded back to the protection of the roadbed and ran toward the turnpike. The Marines, with troops from several disorganized Union regiments, prepared to meet the threat from Bonham's brigade.

To the right and forward of the area where the Marines and other regiments were regrouping, Colonel Oliver 0. Howard's brigade was trying to get around the left flank of the Confederate line. His first line advanced straight into Rebel musketry atop Chinn Ridge, The Fourth Brigade, and Army of the Shenandoah, smashed into the right flank of Howard's brigade, Howard's lines folded up and his troops fled toward the crossroads. The Marine battalion, however, did not immediately leave the field. Private Barrett and some 200 of his comrades formed a rear guard across Young's Branch near the Stone House. After being relieved by the 71st New York State Militia, the Marines joined the mass of Federal troops.

The Marines joined the line of retreat still in formation and under the control of their officers. Discipline kept them in ranks, averting their eyes from the wounded and suppressing their basic human instinct to help the afflicted. Barrett said of the withdrawal, "we moved over the dead and wounded for a mile from the battery and to hear the wounded crying for help would have made the heart of stone ache. ... For 10 miles this side of the field they could be seen lying here and there on the roadside."

Once across the river, the retreat slowed to a procession of weary, men that wound its way through a rainy night toward Washington. On the morning of the 22nd, Major Reynolds arrived at the Long Bridge and found a large mob of soldiers being prevented from crossing the Potomac by a provost guard. There were about 70 Marines there, and Reynolds quickly ordered them into formation. Obtaining permission from the commander of the provost guard to let his men cross, Reynolds formed them up and marched them back to Marine Barracks, Washington. Over the course of the next few days, the remainder of the battalion returned to duty.

One officer, Hitchcock, and nine enlisted Marines were killed in action. They were undoubtedly buried in the mass graves dug by the Confederates near Sudley Church. Three officers, Zeilin, Hale and Grimes, and 16 enlisted men were wounded in action. Twenty enlisted men, including Private Jacob Kresslar, were taken prisoner.

The Marines performed as well as, if not better than, any other Federal organization on the battlefield of 21 July 1861. No regiment in McDowell's army went into the fight more often or with greater spirit than the Marine battalion.

Although no victory capped the efforts of the Marines at Bull Run, it is clear that Major General Lejeune was right on the mark. They acquitted themselves on the battlefield at Bull Run with distinction. Despite being several times bloodied and beaten back, they were game enough to get back into the fray after each repulse. In terms of honor, duty and sheer guts, the traditions of the Corps were upheld.

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Campaigns and dates:

First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas VA) 21 Jul. 1861

Destruction of Confederate Privateer Judah (off Pensacola FL) 14 Sept. 1861

Destruction of Confederate schooner Royal Yacht (off Galveston TX) 7-8 Nov. 1861

Battle of Port Royal (SC) 8 Nov. 1861

Battle of Hatteras Inlet (NC) 7-8 Feb.1862

Battle of Fort Cobb (near Elizabeth City, NC) 10 Feb. 1862

Battle of Winston (NC) 19 Feb. 1862

Cumberland vs. Confederate ironclad Merrimac 8 Mar. 1862

Minnesota vs. Merrimac 9 Mar. 1862

Battle of Slocum Creek (NC) 13 Mar. 1862

New London vs. 2 Confederate steamers (near pass Christian, VA) 25 Mar. 1862

Battle of New Orleans 24-28 Apr. 1862

Battle of Fort Macon (NC) 25 Apr. 1862

Battle of Drewry's Bluff (near Richmond VA) 15 May 1862

Expedition up the Santee River 24 June 1862

Admiral Farragut's fleet vs. Confederate batteries 28 June 1862

Admiral Farragut's fleet vs. Confederate ram Arkansas (near Vicksburg) 15 Jul. 1862

Keystone State vs. two Confederate ironclads (near Charleston) 31 Jan. 1863

Expedition up Red River (Louisiana) 10 Mar- 14 Apr. 1863

Battle of Port Hudson (MS) 14 Mar. 1863

Attack on Fort Sumter 8 Sept. 1863

capture of Stono (SC) 28 Dec. 1863

Wabash vs. Confederate torpedo boat (off Charleston) 18 Apr. 1864

4 Federal vessels vs. Confederate ram Albermarle (near New Bern NC) 5 May 1864

Kearsarge vs. Confederate Alabama (off Cherbourg, France) 10 June 1864

Battle of Mobile Bay 5-23 May 1864

Battle of Boyd's Neck & Honey Hill (SC) 28-30 Nov. 1864

Battle of Derang's Neck or Tullifinney Cross Road (SC) 6-9 Dec. 1864

Battle of Fort Fischer (NC) 23-25 Dec. 1864

Capture of Fort Fischer 13-15 Jan 1865.